The History and Development of Animation

Pioneers

Plateau -Phenakistoscope/Phenakistoscope
Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau was born in 1801 and passed away in 1883 at the age of 81.
He was the first person to demonstrate illusion of moving images using rotating disk and repeating hand drawn images. Within every image there is a small space slit out, this is to create a motion between images and he called this device which he invented in 1832; Phenakistoscope.
The Phenakistoscope used a sprinting motion to create this animation.
Phenakistoscope is also the first device that created the illusion of moving images.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Plateau

The Lumiere Brother
The Lumiere brother Auguste and Lois Lumiere (Cinematographer)
Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas was born on 19th of October 1862 and passed away on the 18th of April 1954 at the age of  91.  Louis Jean Lumiere was born on 5th of October 1864 and passed away in 1948 at the age of 83. The Lumiere brothers were born in France, Their father Claude -Antoine Lumiere (1840-1911) ran a photographic film company, where both brothers worked for him; Louis as a physicist and Auguste as a manger. Louis has made some improvement to the still photograph process which led to the moving image context. The Brothers began to create moving images in 1892 and patented their own version in 1895; the first footage ever recorded on 19th of March 1895. The Lumiere brothers are credited to be the first film makers in history. They created  a motion picture camera superior to Thomas Edison's Kineograph.
Source: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re)

Georges Melies- Cinemagician.
Marie-Georges Jean Melies was born on the 8th of December 1861 and pass away on 1938 at the age of 76. Georges Melies was a French illusionist and film maker, he's famous for leading many technical and narrative development of the cinema back in the old day. Georges is the prolific innovator for the used of special effects and was the first film maker to used multiple exposures, time lapse photography, dissolves and hand painted colour. Because of his abilities for the used of those techniques, he's sometime being referred as "cinemagician". His film include "A trip to the moon" (1902), "The impossible voyage"(1904). George was al pioneer of horror cinema which traced by "Devil's Castle" (1896).
Source: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s)

Thomas Alva Edison - The great inventor
Thomas Edison was born on the 11st of February 1847 and passed away on the 18 of October 1931 at the age of 84. Edison was an American inventor and a business man, he develop many device that influenced life a round the world, including phonograph, the motion picture camera and long lasting electric light bulb. He was the first inventor applies the principle mass productions and last scale team work trough the process of the invention. Edison was also a prolific inventor, holding US patents in his name as well as many pattern as well as many  patents in the UK, Franc and Germany.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison)

William Horner -The Zoetrope
William George Horner was born in 1786 an passed away on the 22 September 1837. Horner is a British Mathematician. He was the head master, School master and school keeper. He wrote extensive flectional equation, Number theory and approximation theory but also optics. His approximation theory honoured in the designation: Horner's method.  In particular respect of the Philosophical Transaction of the society of London for 1819, the modern design of Zoetrope under the name of Daedaleum in 1834 has been attributed to him. The Zoetrope was a revolving cylinder with vertical slits all around to look trough and at the same time it's creating one scene from different images (illusion of motion).
Source: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Horner)

Reynaud - Praxinoscope
Charles Emile Reynaud was born on the 8th of December 1944 and passed away on the 9th January 1981 at the age of 73. Raynaud was a science teacher and inventing on his spare time, He's apprenticed to a precision engineer and latter on went to studies with sculptor-photographer. In 1876 he decide to make aoptical toy for a young children "Peaxinoscope" , patented on 21 December 1877. Praxinoscope is an animetion device that succesor to Zoetrope, Like Zoetrope it work by suing a strip of paper within 12 frame on the cylinder, but only that Praxinoscope have the mirror on the centre to reflax the images in the strip of paper.
In the following year Raynaud make an improvement to the Praxinoscpoe using oil lamp to illuminate the image into mirror to reflect them, creating a motion of the images.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Reynaud)

Eadweard Muybridge
Edward James Muggeridge was born on 9th of April 1830 and passed away on the 8 of may 1904 at the age of 74. Muggeridge was an English photographer and important in his pioneering work photographic studies studies of motion. However early in his work work projection he adopted his name Edward Muybridge, believing it to be original Anglo-Saxon of his name. Today Maybridge is known work his pioneering work of an animal locomotion photographical 1877 and 1878.
The Zooparxiscope was an early device for displaying motion picture, it's projected images by a rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion. The stop motion were initially are painted on to glass while it's changing the reflection into different pieces of mirror.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge)

 Development of Animation 

Dreamworks or Dreamworks Skg

Dreamworks is an American film production which produces and develops film it's also one of the worlds largest animations producer who have worldwide marketing, based in Glendale and California. Dreamworks specialize in computing animation and was form and founded in 12 of October 1994, since then in August 2014 it's covered that it's have made $12 billion. Shrek 2 is one of the most successful animation ever made by Dreamworks withing over $900 million's profits. Dreamworks toally made 29 feature film and the first ever film were made by Dreamworks is Antz.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks)

Antz -first film produce by Dreamworks.

Shrek 2 -The most successful Animation.

Willis O'Brien

Willis Brien were born on 2nd of March 1886 and passed away on the 8th of November 1962. Willis is an American motion picture and special effects and stop motion animation. He also responsible for best know images in cinema history.3 of the most well known production are The Lost World (1925), King Kong (1933)and Mighty Joe Young (1949), for which he won award for best visual effect. Willis spent his spear time sculpting and illustrating, this led him to being employ first draftsman in an architects's office and then sport cartoonist for San Francisco Daily News. Later he became professional marble sculpture and was assistant to the head architect of the 1913 San Francisco World's Fair where some of his work are display. During this he also made models including dinosaur and caveman which he animated with the assistance of the local newsreel cameraman. 
Source: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_H._O%27Brien)

The lost world 1925

George Pal 

George Pal were born on the 1st of February 1908 and passed away on the 2 of May 1980 at the age of 72. George is an American Animator and films producer and principally involved with science fiction genre. Has nominated for Academy Award in the category of best shot,cartoon). George was specialize in motion cartooning, After he moved to his own studio has starts experimenting on stop motion animation. Once George have a trip to New York and one of his animation was shown at the party where president of paramount pictures and Barney Baliban saw it, they are impressed so they offer George contract to make animation for them either in New York or their studio in Florida.  
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pal)

George pal - Hoola Boola (1941)

Walt and Roy  Disney

Walter Elias or Walt dysney were born on the 5th of December 1901 an passed away on the 15th of December 1966 at the age of 66. Walt was American magnate, cartoonist,film maker,philanthropist and voice actor. Roy Oliver disney were born on the 24th of June 1893 ans passed away on the 20th of December 1971. Roy is an American business man and also the partner and co-founder with his younger brother, Walt Dysney of Walt Disney production. in this day it's knows as Walt Disney company. In 1928 Disney created  their mascot "Micky Mouse" and in 1934 it''s made the feature length film "Snows  White". Later in 1972 Disney started to add live action to their production call Animation. Until recently they specialist in hand draw animation, they first 3D feature film ever releases is in 2005 " little chicken".
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_O._Disney)
Source: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney)

Micky Mouse 1928





Little Chicken 2005

Hayao Miyazaki and studio Ghilbli 

Miyazaki was born on the 5th of January 1941 (age 73), he's a Japanese citizen film directer, animator, manga artist, illustrator producer and screen write. Miyazaki began his animator career in 1963 when hes joined Toei animation. His first contribution was "Gullivers travel beyond the moon" it' then follow by Lupin Castle of Gliostro(1979)" after the success of his next film "Nuasicaa of the Valley Wind (1984)" he co-founded the studio Ghibil and continue to created feature film which is well know world wide. he remain largely unknown at the west until Maramax Films release "Princess Mononoke (1997)". Princess Mononoke was the highest grossing film in Japan until it was eclipsed by another 1997 film " Titanic". The fist animated film that won Japanese Academy awarded created by Miyazaki was sprited away 2001.
Source :(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki)

Gulliver's Travel Bryond the Moon

Nuasicaa of the Valley  Wind 

Princess Mononoke

Timothy Walter or Tim Burton
Burton were born on the 25th of August 1958(age 56), he's an American film directer, producer, artist , writer, poet and stop motion artist. Burton also knows as his dark Gothic, macabre quirky horror and fantasy film such as "Edward Scissorhands", "Frankenweenie" and the Nightmare Before Christmas .
Burton started his career at the age of 13rd, when he has created " "The Island of Dortor Agor" which is an adaption of H.G. wells "The island of Doctor Moreau". Burton was also heavily influence by the work of DR. Suess and Roald Dahl, Burton also went on to create some stiopmotion animation. The production that created by Burton attracted the attention of Walt Disney production so they offers him an animation apprenticeship at the studio. However Burton's personal style clashed with the standard of Disney company so he went on solo projects.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton)

Films and animation created by Tim Burton

Otmar Gutmann 

Gutmann were born on the 24th of April 1938 and passed on the 19 of October 1933 at the age of 53. Gutmann was an German television producer, animator and director, he's well know for long running creation Pingu which is an British-Swiss stop-motion clay-motion children's television shows. After gutmann passes away the Pygos group collapsed and all the asset of the company were sold to Hit entertainment.

Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Gutmann)
Source:(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-otmar-gutmann-1512111.html)

Pingu - First Episode

The Qauy Brother
Stephen and Timothy are American citizen identical twin brothers, they are widely known as brother key. They are very influence stop motion animator and have been preside by many critics for their works. The both brother are influenced by traditional eastern European animation. the used of uncanny use of focus camera movement, playing close attention to the small details; these feature make their film unique and recognize able.

Brother Quay 1979 - Nocturbna Artifica

Brother Quay1986 - street of Crocodies

Source: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Quay)



Nick Park

Nick Park was born on the 6th of December 1958, Nick was an English director, writer and stop motions artist best know as the creator of  "Wallace and Gromit and Shaun the Sheep. Nick has been nominated for an Academy Award for six time and won four with the Creature comforts (1989), a close shave (1995), The wrong Trousers, The Curse of the Were-Rabbit(2005). Nick specialize in clay animation usoing Plasticine clay in all of his animation.

Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Park)

The Wrong Trousers 

Pixar
Pixar Animation studio or simply Pixar came about known simply as "graphic group(1979)", as the part of Luccasfilms, in 1986 on they move on to their own studio with the funding od Apple inc, While starting as a new hardware company a lot of the staff have background in different kind of animation including hand-draw, stop motion and computing animation. However Pixar company specialize in computing animation. Pixar based in Emeryvile, California and were bough by Walt Disney company in 2006 at a valuation of 7.6 billion dollars.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar)

                           Presentation Dreamworks from Mark Dudethatdidnotjusthappen

the above Prezi contains information about the various platforms that exist to broadcast and showcase stop motion animation. Please find your own examples for each of the platforms for BOTH a younger and more adult audience. For each you must say what the text is and what type of animation is used.

History of Animation

TV Programme

Postman Pat is a stop motion claymation created by John Cunliffee which mainly targeted a younger audience (Pre-school) as the texture, style and story line teach the children a lesson of how to be responsible. Every character talks loudly and clearly and it doesn't involve any bad language, violent, racism or any offensive material.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postman_Pat)

South Park is a computer animation which mainly targets older audience the age of 15 and above. The scenes include violent, swearing and nudity. The aim of the scenes seem to be offending too many subject as possible in the sarcastic way of comedy. Even though the feature of the scenes are colorful and seem to be for children but when it come to what they do in each part of the scenes it's really unsuitable for children any younger then the age of 15.
Source:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park)



Advertisements

This is a stop motion for goods advertisement which I believe it's aimed at the older target audiences as the sound effect and music back ground are not soft enough to appeal to the younger audience. The dialog for the scene is also hard to get what the person is trying to say which mean the younger audience wouldn't find it interesting.   

Both advertisement in this video above are for family, mainly aimed at the older audience but both appeal and can be entertainment for the younger audiences and also a stop motion animation. You could argue that the music background could appeal more to the younger audiences. With out bad language, violent and offensive i would includes these media texts as they are targeting family, this is a stop motion animation on the objects which have the main purpose of advertising the goods, it's using the product as a main center of the scene.

More: http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/top-10-stop-motion-artists-doing-brilliant-work-brands-vine-160331

Music video

This is a stop motion clay motion made for "Wild Awake by Katy Perry". I believe this video would peal more to audience, age of 13 and above as the color of the scene are dark which wouldn't a peal to very young audiences. I believe each part of this scene have a very deep meaning when connect to the song. With out a lots of life experience you wouldn't understand the texture of this scene.

This music video is a stop motion, animated using logos or in another names Legos animation, the colors and each part of the scene show that interest that it's mainly aimed at the older audience; the color are dark and not using many color, each part of the scene are hard to followed, you need  a lot of concentration to be able the follow detail of the scene.

Channel Idents

This is an channel idents for the E4 channel or in the other name "Esting", I believe this video are targeting older audiences as it it's have the classic feature and the colour of the scene are quite dark and plain/simple. I believe that it won't appeal to the younger audiences,This is a stop motion for object (paper) on the e4 logos, whicjh the interest of it is the becoming one piece of logos part..

This is a channel Idents for the E4 channel or in the other name "Esting", it's a stop motion on a dolls. it's about a marine using the scope to see a very far distance. By the music back ground, the character and  the story line of the scene. I believe this scene are targeting a very young audiences, as the younger audiences wont be able to follow complicated media text feature.
Source:(http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/e4-launches-brand-new-on-screen-look)
More:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_%28TV_channel%29)


Web Series

This is a stop motion web series about toys when there is no living objects at home. I believe this mainly targeting younger audiences but you could also argue that the way the scene set and the character could attract a fan of Spider man and sci-fi genre .However there is violent but no flashing images so this could be shows to a younger audience. 

This is a web series of a claymation animation,which includes bad language (swearing). I believe that the way they talking is likely to appeal to teenager to an adult as some of the jokes are more understand able for them. You could argue that the text and feature of the characters are more likely to appeal to the younger audiences, however the story line is not suitable for them. 

Who is stop motion made for?

Stop-motion are not specifically targeting only one group of audiences, many people are interested in stop-motion but may be for different genre. Certain stop-motion like "Postman Pat; targeting a very young audiences(2-6 years old), when animation like South Park 's targeting people the ages 15 and above. You may also have heard that a lot people who are fans of cartoon/animation/stop-motion said it's unbelievably bad when animation/cartoon/stop motion get made in to movies e.g. Dragon balls Z, "they ruining it". 

What does the future hold for stop motion animation?

For the ways the technology is moving forward now I believe further in the future there will hardly be any of stop-motion being made, as films and animations markets are always looking for something new in order to attracts the audiences and sell their products. However, I also believe that the techniques of stop-motion will be used in different ways and develop themselves into something that's more suitable for the future to improve the great foundation techniques in the media industries. If the day ever comes when the stop-motion media text are not being made any more,I believe people will study and re- build it.